C-myc Monocular Antibody (McAb) on Gastric Cancer Cells

C-myc Monocular Antibody (McAb) on Gastric Cancer Cells I ntroduction Gastric cancer (GC) is estimated to be one of the mos t common and frequent malignant tumor of the digestive system. The incidence and mortality of GC have ranked the second among all tumor diseases worldwide [ 1-5 ]. However, it ranks in first place in China[ 6 ]. Complete surgical resection is still the standard for all patients with resectable GC. It remains highly problematic for the regional and less common systemic recurrences[ 7 ]. Recent improvement in surgical technique, adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy has increased the survival rate of patients with early-stage, but the patients who have advanced GC are difficult to cure. With more and more research of molecular biological mechanisms known by us, molecular targeted therapies including cell growth, cell cycle, apoptosis and invasion have become a popular tumor comprehensive therapy[ 8 ]. Some of single-targeted spots are mainly Human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER-1, HER-2), Vascular endothe lial growth factor (VEGF), Human epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI), Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI), Human proto-oncogene (c-MET)[ 9 , 10 ]. However, it needs a huge space to develop the targeted anticancer drugs. An elegant way to accumulate therapeutic agents at the tumor site is their specific antibodies[ 11 ]. Oncogenes are well documented to be involved in mediating apoptosis and cell cycle resulting in cancers[ 12 , 13 ], its activation can play an important role in the progress of cancer. C-myc is an important member of the c-myc family and a master regulator of genes involved in diverse cellular processes in GC[ 14 ]. The c-myc is a nuclear transcription factor which centrally regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, cell cycle and apoptosis, once c-myc is activated in vivo or in vitro , it is easy to make the cells far from the normal growth and promote cell malignant transformation to cancer finally[ 15-17 ]. It was reported that the expression of c-myc is an important consideration in the biological characteristic of GC [ 18-20 ]. The previous studies also have proved that c-myc has tight relation with Brest cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, hematopoietic cancer [ 21-24 ]. Currently few data exist on the occurrence of the c-myc McAb targeting against GC. In this study, we assessed the effects of c-myc McAb on the Balb/e2nu/2nu nude mice model of GC and the human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells, and tried to investigate the function of c-myc McAb for targeting against GC. Materials and M ethods P reparation of c-myc monocular antibody (McAb) All experiments involving animals were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine. Mice were used in this study from Animal Science Laboratory of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, and all effects were made to minimize distress.T he c-myc proteins prepar ed in E.coli BL21 were used as immunogens. [U1] Before McAb preparation, the c-myc proteins were mixed with equal volume of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Female Balb/c mice aging from 6-8 weeks [U2] were immunized intraperitoneally with 50 ÃŽ ¼g c-myc proteins (1v:1v) in CFA. The immunization was repeated with the same amount of immunogens [U3] in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) at 14d. A final immunization was performed with 100ÃŽ ¼g mixture of c-myc proteinsand IFA at 28 d. Then, t he blood was drawn from the caudal vein and serum titers were measured by ELISA at 35 d. A booster injection was given intraperitoneally at the antibody titers of 640,000 [U4] tested by ELISA at 35 d. Five days after boost, spleen cells were isolated and mixed [U5] with SP2/0 myeloma cells. When the Hybrid cells grew to 50%, the positive clones were collected by ELISA. The hybridomas processed by Silica gel H was inoculated intraperitoneally into unsexed Balb/c mice. Then, the m ice were scarified and the ascetic fluid was collected. The McAb was purified and the concentration was determined by bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA) Protein Assay Reagent Kit.

Gender Equality; is it a myth or a reality Essay

Gender Equality; is it a myth or a reality - Essay Example Men and women has different brain structure and physical functioning, they also react to situations differently hence gender equality is a myth.(Thesis) Naturally men are superior to women and there is lots of scientific evidence attached to it. By physical appearance itself, men have superiority due to their muscle built and structural composition. Men are more confident in their walk, communication and interaction in daily life. Men are practical and do not get emotional like women. Women due to their feeble mind get quickly afflicted emotionally and take decision that is wrong or inappropriate. Generally speaking, women need protection from men in all dire situations like natural calamities, physical contingencies and financial distresses. God created men to support and protect women as she is a delicate creation both in physical and emotional sense. Men and women are both created by God and they have a purpose which does not conflict with one another. If men have strong physique and practicality, women have tolerance, patience and sacrificing quality which is equally appreciative. Men alone are not able to manage and control a family life, as it needs hard effort and contribution from women too. If men have social responsibilities then women have the responsibility to take control of home, children and husband which is a demanding task. As per (MLC, 2003)†Men are physically stronger. By nature, they are usually more aggressive and externally oriented. In contrast, a woman usually embodies the ideal of inner dignity. Men are physically strong but the emotional and mental strength of women is empowering†. Men and women have complementing relationship and it is not contradictory as many think. God has not made anything conflicting in nature, all creation whether man or woman has equal value in eyes of nature. Man and women complement each other emotionally,

Advise the Board of Directors of Choc Delux of their liability to Assignment

Advise the Board of Directors of Choc Delux of their liability to Kylie under the tort of negligence - Assignment Example The inclusion of a new ingredient was not communicated to customers. However, it can be argued that nuts are edible and are mostly used alongside cocoa. In this regard, Choc-Deluxe did not foresee any harm. According to tort law, harm should be foreseeable for a firm to be accused of negligence, thus, liability can be exempted. Consequently, the relationship between a firm and its customers is a bother. For a firm to be held responsible, there must be proof that it understands the customers situation, thereby proving negligence of the duty of care (Caparo Industries Plc v Dickman [1990] 1 All Er 568) The complications that arose from consumption of the product caused Kylie a huge economic loss. However, there is a weak link between the company’s products and the economic losses of Kylie. Choc-Deluxe cannot be accused of negligence since they had no information about the chain of events that would lead to the loss. Thus, the duty of care cannot apply in such instance (Hedley Byrne V Heller [1963] Ac 465). In Bolton v Stone [1951] AC 850, a defendant cannot be deemed negligent if the damage caused by the actions were not foreseeable. In the case of Coke deluxe, the damages to the plaintiff could not be foreseen as her condition was not known to the company, thus, the company is not responsible for the violation of torts. Consequently, there was no established link between nuts and injury among many consumers, thus making Kylie’s a unique case. The extent of economic and health damage caused by consuming chocolate laden with nuts can be attributed to lack of proximity in the relationship between the firm and the customer. Irregardless of the fact that Choc-Deluxe needed to communicate to the customers about the changes, a tort could not be admitted since the company did not have the details of her special circumstances and if knowing her circumstances would have made an impact on the